高考动词的时态和语态历年真题_2014高考动词时态
1.英语时态
2.英语动词中有多少种时态
3.英语中的16个时态 要详细的构造,组成以及动词变化
4.动词的时态有几种,分别是什么,又都是怎么构成的?
5.高三高考跪求英语时态的总结?
6.事态的基本结构 被动语态 不同时态的公式
1. A---A---A型(现在式、过去式和过去分词同形)
动词原形(现在式) 过去式 过去分词
cost cost cost 花费
cut cut cut 割,切
hit hit hit 打
let let let 让
put put put 放下
read read read 读
hurt hurt hurt 伤
2. A---A---B型(现在式和过去式同形)
beat beat beaten 打
3. A---B---A型(现在式和过去分词同形)
come came come 来
become became become 变
run ran run 跑
4. A ---B ---B型
(1)在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d或t构成过去式或过去分词。
burn burnt burnt 燃烧
learn learned/learnt learned/learnt 学习
mean meant meant 意思
hear heard heard 听见
(2)把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t” 构成过去式或过去分词。
build built built 建筑
lend lent lent 借给
lose lost lost 失去
send sent sent 送
spend spent spent 花费
(3)其他
pay paid paid 付
lay laid laid 下蛋
say said said 说
bring brought brought 带来
buy bought bought 买
think thought thought 想
sleep slept slept 睡
keep kept kept 保持
sweep swept swept 扫
stand stood stood 站
understand understood understood 明白
win won won 得胜
shine shone/shined shone/shined 发光
catch caught caught 抓住
teach taught taught 教
feel felt felt 觉得
fight fought fought 战斗
find found found 发现
get got got 得到
hang hanged/ hung hanged/ hung 绞死,挂
have had had 有
hold held held 盛,握
leave left left 离开
make made made 制造
meet met met 遇见
sell sold sold 卖
shoot shot shot 射击
tell told told 告诉
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled 嗅,闻
sit sat sat 坐
dig dug dug 挖
5. A---B---C型(现在式、过去式和过去分词都不相同)
(1)在动词原形后加-n或-en构成过去分词。
eat ate eaten 吃
fall fell fallen 落下
steal stole stolen 偷
give gave given 给
freeze froze frozen 冻结
take took taken 拿
see saw seen 看见
write wrote written 写
ride rode ridden 骑
drive drove driven 驾驶
throw threw thrown 抛,扔
blow blew blown 吹
grow grew grown 生长
know knew known 知道
fly flew flown 飞
draw drew drawn 拉,绘画
show showed shown 展示
(2)过去式加-n或-en构成过去分词。
speak spoke spoken 说话
break broke broken 破碎,折断
wake waked/ woke waked/ waken 醒
choose chose chosen 选择
forget forgot forgotten 忘记
(3)变单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”分别为“a”(过去式)和“u”(过去分词)。
begin began begun 开始
ring rang rung 按铃
sing sang sung 唱
sink sank sunk 沉
swim swam swum 游泳
drink drank drunk 饮
(4)其他不规则动词的变化。
be(am, is) was/ were been 是
be(are) were been 是
do did done 做
go went gone 去
lie lay lain 躺
wear wore worn 穿
英语时态
一般现在时:
第一、第二人称:动词原形
第三人称:后面加s或es
例:I do homework
He does homework
I like watching TV
He likes watching TV
一般过去时:
所有人称:动词后加ed或不规则变化为过去式
例:I liked stones
He liked stones
She visited Canada
They threw(throw) away the stones
She lost(lose) the key
现在进行时:
第一、第二人称:am/are doing
第三人称:is doing
进行时动词变化:
1.后加ing
2.以e结尾的去e加ing
3.以元音字母加y结尾的直接加ing
4.以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的双写辅音字母加ing
一般将来时:
第一、第二人称:will do(动词原形)
或am/are going to do sth.
第三人称:will do(动词原形)
或 is going to do sth.
现在完成时:
第一、第二人称:have+过去分词
第三人称:has+过去分词
过去进行时:
第一、第三人称:was doing
第二人称:were doing
动词的变化形式同现在进行时
英语动词中有多少种时态
英语的时态(tense)是一种动词形式,不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。
是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。
英语时态分为16种:一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时,以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时
下面就英语中常见的八种基本时态进行阐述,其它的时态都是在这八种时态的基础上结合而成的。
一、 一般现在时:
1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2.时间状语: always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
3.基本结构:动词 原形 (如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)
4.否定形式:am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
6.例句:. It seldom snows here.
He is always ready to help others.
Action speaks louder than words.
二、 一般过去时:
1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本结构:be动词;行为动词 的过去式
4.否定形式:was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。
6.例句:She often came to help us in those days.
I didn't know you were so busy.
三、 现在进行时:
1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.
3.基本结构:am/is/are+doing
4.否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.
5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
6.例句: How are you feeling today?
He is doing well in his lessons.
四、 过去进行时:
1.概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构:was/were+doing
4.否定形式:was/were + not + doing.
5.一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。
6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.
When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.
五、 现在完成时:
1.概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构:have/has + done
4.否定形式:have/has + not +done.
5.一般疑问句:have或has。
6.例句:I've written an article.
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.
六、 过去完成时:
1.概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
3.基本结构:had + done.
4.否定形式:had + not + done.
5.一般疑问句:had放于句首。
6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.
By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books
七、 一般将来时:
1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构:am/is/are/going to + do;will/shall + do.
4.否定形式:was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。
6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies.
It is going to rain.
八、 过去将来时:
1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
3.基本结构:was/were/going to + do;would/should + do.
4.否定形式:was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。
6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day.
I asked who was going there .
九.将来完成时:
1.概念:在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态
2.时间状语:by the time of;by the end of+时间短语(将来);by the time+从句(将来)
3.基本结构:be going to/will/shall + have done
十.现在完成进行时:
1.概念:在过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直持续到说话为止
2.基本结构:have/has +been+doing
几种常见时态的相互转换
英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换,以下是几种常见的转换形式:
十一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
在现在完成时中,延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬间动词却不能。但是,可用别的表达方式:①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中;②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用;③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中,表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思,主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看:
A. He joined the League two years ago.
B. He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
十二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
在一般现在时中,at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”,如at work(在工作), at school(上学、上课)等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看:
Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
十三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如:I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来,妈妈!”请看:
The train is leaving soon.
The train will leave soon.
十六种时态
一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,一般过去将来时;
现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去将来进行时;
现在完成时,过去完成时,将来完成时,过去将来完成时;
现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时,过去将来完成进行时.
英语中的16个时态 要详细的构造,组成以及动词变化
英语中总共有16个时态:
现在式:一般时(例:he works hard表示他工作努力)进行时(例:he is reading表示他正在阅读)完成时(例:he have finished it表示他已完成了)完成进行时(例:he have been writting it for two hours表示他已经写了两个小时了)
过去式:一般时(例:he worked hard表示他过去工作很努力)进行时(例:he was reading last night表示他昨晚在阅读)完成时(例:he had finished it since you arrived.表示在你到达之前他已完成)完成进行时(例:he had been writting it表示他过去就已经在写了)
将来式:一般时(例:he will work hard表示他将努力工作)进行时(例:he will be reading表示他将会阅读的)完成时(例:he will have finished it by the time of tomorrow表示明天之前他将完成)完成进行时(例:he will have been staying there for ten years by the time of next month表示到下个月,他将呆在那儿十年了)
过去将来式 ? 一般时(例:he would work hard表示他过去工作努力)进行时(例:he would be working hard表示他过去一段时间在努力工作着)完成时(例:he would have finished it by the last month表示他到上个月为止就将完成任务)完成进行时(例:he would have been staying there for ten years by the time of last month表示到上个月为止,他在那里差不多呆了十年之久)区别与联系:现在一般时与现在完成时1.I come from Shanghai(上海人)I have come from Shanghai(从上海来)2.You read very well. (强调能力)Youve read very well. (强调一次刚完成的动作)3.I forget.(一时想不起来了)I have forgotten.(仍没想起来,可能已回忆起来了现在一般时与现在进行时1.He works hard.(强调始终如一)He is working hard.(强调现在)2.What do you do? (干什么工作的)What are you doing?(在干什么)3.Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰) The bus is coming.(汽车到来的情景)现在完成时与过去一般时1.Ive seen him this morning.(还在上午的时间里)I saw him this morning.(时间已不在上午了)2.Whos opened the window? (窗户还在开着)Who opened the window? (与现在无关,窗户可能已关上)3.Have you ever heard him sing? (他可能不是爱唱歌)Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾听过他唱歌吗,他可能是歌唱家)过去完成时与过去一般时1.I came here after I finished middle school.(两个动作每间隔)I came here after I had finished middle school.(两个动作有间隔,强调先后概念)2.I waited till I saw him.I waited till I had seen him. (这两个句子差不多,过去完成时更普遍)3.We hoped he would come.(我们希望他来)We had hoped he would come.(我们本希望他来的)过去进行时与过去一般时1.I read a book yesterday. (书已看完)I was reading a book yesterday.(书尚未看完)2.The guests arrived.(客人已到)The guests were arriving.(客人陆续到达)3.He woke from a dream. (表示全醒)He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)将来一般时与现在进行时1.Will he come? Is he coming?(时间发生的比较近)2.Shell have a baby. (表示肯定)Shes going to have a baby.(表示推测,计划)3.Ill see him this evening.(表示意愿)Im seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排)现在一般时与过去一般式1.Do you wish to see me?Did you wish to see me?(表示婉转客气)2.Thats all I have to say.(我的话就这些)Thats all I had to say.(我要说的就这些)3. How do you like the film? (看**过程中)How did you like the film?(看完**后)现在完成时与现在完成进行时1.Someone has phoned you.(打了电话)Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打电话)2.Ive read the novel.(已读完)Ive been reading the novel.(还没读完)3.He has lived here for six weeks.He has been living here for six weeks. (区别不大,后者更口语化)现在一般时与过去完成时1.I hope that hell come.I had hoped he would come.(与事实相反)(经常这样用的词有:expect, think, intend, mean, suppose)
请采纳
动词的时态有几种,分别是什么,又都是怎么构成的?
动词时态
英语有很多动词时态,全部这些都只是表明动作发生的时间;不过同大多数日耳曼语一样,这些时态最终可以划为四种:现在和过去的直陈与虚拟.使用“to be”和“to have”,再加上现在分词和过去分词,就可以创造岀各种复合时态.英语中有12个主要时态,都来自于三时(过去、现在、将来)和四体(一般、进行[或未完成]、完成、完成进行)的交叉组合.(在被动语态中,有一些组合会极少岀现,尤其是“将来完成进行时”.)下方是一些主要英语动词时态的例子.
主动词根据人称变化的时态:
一般现在时:
“I listen.”对很多动词来讲,这个时态用来阐述习惯或能力.
助动词根据人称变化的时态:
现在进行时:
“I am listening.”表达现在正在进行的动作.要表达这个意思,在英语中需要用到现在进行时,但在其他大多数语言中只用一般现在时就可以.请注意,这种形式在英语中也可以表达将来时,比如“We're going to the movies tonight”.
过去进行时:
“I was listening.”表达在过去某时刻持续进行的动作.
现在完成时:
“I have listened.”通常表达一个动作在过去某一时刻发生了,动作已结束.
现在完成进行时:
“I have been listening.”表达一个动作在过去某一时刻发生,并一直延续到现在.
一般将来时:
“I shall listen”或“I will listen.”表达一个动作会在将来发生,或说话人表示要完成某个行动.3
将来进行时:
“I shall be listening.”表达将来的某个持续进行的动作,此动作现在还没有开始.(使用will可以表达主观愿望.3)
主动词和助动词都不根据人称变化的时态:
不定式:
“to listen”与其他动词连用,如“I was to listen to the story”.
一般过去时:
“I listened.”在英语中表达某个动作在过去发生,而不是现在(不同于其他一些语言中的不定过去时).
过去完成时:
“I had listened.”表达某个过去的动作在过去某一时刻之前已经完成.
过去完成进行时:
“I had been listening.”表达一个动作在过去某一时刻发生,并一直延续到过去另一个时刻.
将来完成时:
“I shall have listened.”表达一个动作会在将来某一时刻之前完成.
将来完成进行时:
“I shall have been listening.”表达一个动作会在将来某一时刻开始,并一直延续到将来另一时刻.
高三高考跪求英语时态的总结?
这是我自己编写的英语家教材料,希望能帮到你
一 句子成分
(一)主谓宾句子中
1主语
在一个句子中表示动作或状态的的发出者执行者。例如:王丽在读书。王丽是读书的发出者,是这个句子的主语。张鹏是一个学生。张鹏是主语。
判断:We go to school every day .
I will have a cup of tea .
He is very cool .
2谓语
是主语发出的动作,由动词担任这一成分。动词分为及物动词(vt)和不及物动词(vi)。及物动词后面能直接接一个名词做宾语,例如 sing a song , eat an apple 。不及物动词不能在后面直接接名词,必须先在动词后面接上一个介词,然后再接名词。例如look at the black board , talk about the movie
3宾语
是主语发出的动作的承受者,动作的对象。例如: sing a song ,eat an apple 中的song ,apple
(二)主系表
1主语同上
2 系动词 全称联系动词,用来练习主语和表语,通常为be的各种形式is ,am ,are
3表语 表示主语的身份,状态等的词。例如他是个学生中的学生,我很高兴中的高兴。
He is a student.
I am very happy .
二时态
(一) 一般现在时
表示现在通常情况下会做的事或者会有的状态
主语+谓语(do)+宾语+其他或主语+系动词(is,am ,are)+表语
例如He is a student.
We go to school every day .
1变一般疑问句:在主谓宾句型中,在句子前面加助动词do 或does,如果陈述句是第三人称单数形式,前面加does后,原先句子中的动词要变回原形。
例如:They often go to school by bus. Do they often go to school by bus?
He likes swimming . Does he like swimming?
在主系表句型中,将系动词提前就可以了。
例如:He is a student. Is he a student?
They are all at home. Are they all at home ?
注意 变一般疑问句时,如果主语是I 或We ,通常情况下要将我或我们变成你或你们
例如We go to school every day. Do you go to school every day ?
I am a high school student . Are you a high school student?
2变否定句 :在主谓宾句型中,在谓语前面加don’t ,doesn’t ,在第三人称单数的句型中,加doesn’t后要将动词还原
例如 We go to school every day. We don’t go to school every day .
He likes swimming . He doesn’t like swimming.
在主系表句型中 ,在系动词后加not
I am a high school student . I am not a high school student
You are at home . You aren’t at home.
3变反意疑问句
主谓宾句子中,在后面加don’t sb或doesn’t sb.
He likes swimming ,doesn’t he ?
You go to school every day ,don’t you ?
注意 ,要遵循前否后肯和前肯后否的原则
例如 He doesn’t like swimming.,does he ?
Yes ,he is.(不,他喜欢)
No ,he isn’t.(是的,他不喜欢)
主系表句型中,在后面加isn’t sb ,aren’t sb
You are at home,aren’t you?
4特殊疑问句
在句子前面加上特殊疑问词,后面变成一般疑问句的形式。
(二) 一般过去时
表示过去通常情况下会做的事或者会有的状态
主语+谓语(did)+宾语或主语+系动词(was,were)+表语
He was a student 2 years ago .
We went to school every day when we were young.
1变一般疑问句:在主谓宾句型中,在句子前面加助动词did, 原先句子中的动词要变回原形。
We went to school every day when we were young. Did you go to school every day when you were young ?
在主系表句型中,将系动词提前。
He was a student 2 years ago . Was he a student 2 years ago?
2变否定句 :在主谓宾句型中,在谓语前面加didn’t, 原先句子中的动词要变回原形。
We went to school every day when we were young.
We didn’t go to school every day when we were young.
在主系表句型中 ,在系动词后加not
He was not a student 2 years ago .
3变反意疑问句
主谓宾句子中,在后面加didn’t sb
They went to school every day when they were young,didn’t they?
主系表句型中,在后面加wasn’t sb ,weren’t sb
He was a student 2 years ago ,wasn’t he ?
4特殊疑问句
同一般现在时
(三) 一般将来时
现在预计将来通常情况下会做的事或者会有的状态
主语+谓语(will do)+宾语
主语+系动词(will be)+表语
或主语+谓语(be going to do)+宾语
注意 will和be going to do的不同点在于be going to do更强调计划要做的事情
He will get a job after he graduates from college.
You will be 20 years old next year.
I am going to join a party at 6:00 this evening.
1变一般疑问句:在主谓宾句型中,将will, be提前
He will get a job after he graduates from college. Will he get a job after he graduates from college.?
I am going to join a party at 6:00 this evening. Are you going to join a party at 6:00 this evening.?
You will be 20 years old next year. Will you be 20 years old next year?
2变否定句 :在主语+谓语(will do)+宾语,主语+系动词(will be)+表语句型中,在will后面加not,在主语+谓语(be going to do)+宾语句型中,在be后加not
He will not get a job after he graduates from college.
I am not going to join a party at 6:00 this evening.
3变反意疑问句
在主语+谓语(will do)+宾语,主语+系动词(will be)+表语句型中,在句子后面加won’t sb
You will be 20 years old next year,won’t you ?
在主语+谓语(be going to do)+宾语句型中,在后面加isn’t sb ,aren’t sb
You are going to join a party at 6:00 this evening, aren’t you ?
4特殊疑问句
在句子前面加上特殊疑问词,后面变成一般疑问句的形式。
(四)现在完成时
表示到现在已经完成的动作或持续到现在的状态
主谓宾句型中 主语+谓语(have/has done)+宾语
主系表句型中 主语+谓语(have/has been)+表语
I have finished my homework.
He has been in this school for 3 years.
1变一般疑问句:将have/has提前
I have finished my homework. Have you finished your homework ?
He has been in this school for 3 years. Has he been in this school for 3 years.?
2变否定句 :在have/has后加not
I haven’t finished my homework.
He has not been in this school for 3 years.
3变反意疑问句
在句子后面加haven’t sb /hasn’t sb
You have gone to America , haven’t you?
He has been in this school for 3 years, hasn’t he
4特殊疑问句
在句子前面加上特殊疑问词,后面变成一般疑问句的形式。
(五)过去完成时
表示到过去的某一个时间点为止,已经完成的动作或状态的存在。
主语+谓语(had done )+宾语
主语+谓语(had been)+表语
I had finished my homework. when you called me yesterday.
He had been in this school for 3 years by the year of 1998.
句型变化同现在完成时,只需将have/has换成had
(六)现在进行时
表示现在这在进行的动作或者这一段时间内一直在重复的动作。
主语+谓语(be doing)+宾语
Tom is writing a letter.
1变一般疑问句:将be提前
Tom is writing a letter. Is Tom writing a letter?
2变否定句:在be后加not
Tom isn’t writing a letter.
3变反意疑问句: 在后面加isn’t sb ,aren’t sb
Tom is writing a letter ,isn’t he ?
4特殊疑问句
在句子前面加上特殊疑问词,后面变成一般疑问句的形式。
(七)将来进行时
预计将来某个时间点正在进行的动作
主语+谓语(will be doing)+宾语
My parents will be watching the football match at 6:00 o’clock tomorrow evening .
1变一般疑问句:将will 提前
Will your parents watching the football match at 6:00 o’clock tomorrow evening?
2变否定句 :在will后面加not
My parents will not be watching the football match at 6:00 o’clock tomorrow evening .
3变反意疑问句: 在句子后面加won’t sb
My parents will be watching the football match at 6:00 o’clock tomorrow evening ,won’t they?
4特殊疑问句
在句子前面加上特殊疑问词,后面变成一般疑问句的形式。
(八)过去进行时
过去某一个时间正在进行的动作
主语+谓语(was /were+ doing)+宾语
Emmy was watching TV this time yesterday.
1变一般疑问句:将was /were 提前
Was Emmy watching TV this time yesterday?
2变否定句 :在was /were后面加not
Emmy wasn’t watching TV this time yesterday.
3变反意疑问句: 在句子后面加wasn’t / weren’t sb
Emmy was watching TV this time yesterday , wasn’t she ?
4特殊疑问句
在句子前面加上特殊疑问词,后面变成一般疑问句的形式。
事态的基本结构 被动语态 不同时态的公式
一、一般时态
1、一般现在时
(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态,常和副词usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week等连用。例如:
1)The moon moves round the earth..
2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
(2)在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment以及if,unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:
1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
(3)某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有:be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave等。例如:
1)The plane leaves at three sharp.
2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as等引导的从句中,也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:
1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
2.一般过去时
(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如:
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
(2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如:
1)He always went to class last.
2)I used to do my homework in the library.
(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)
3.一般将来时
1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如:
I shall graduate next year.
2)几种替代形式:
1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如:
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事,具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如:
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如:
He was about to start.
4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事,必定发生的事。例如:
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如:
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.
二、进行时态
1.现在进行时
(1)表示现在正在进行的动作,常与now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等连用。例如:
Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作,常与always,continually,forever,constantly等连用。例如:
My father is forever criticizing me.
(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return等。例如:
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
(4)有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示“感觉,感情,存在,从属”等的动词。如:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感觉的词);hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的动词);be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在状态的动词);have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示占有与从属的动词);understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态。例如:
1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
(look在此为联系动词,意为“显得,看上去”)
2)Tom is looking for his books.
(look在此为实义动词,意为“寻找”)
2.过去进行时
过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后,另一个过去的动作正在进行,或表示过去反复的习惯,常与always,continually,constantly等动词连用。例如:
1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3.将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如:
1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4.完成进行时
(现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式,将放在完成时态部分讲述。
三、完成时态
完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为:
1.现在完成时
(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的,刚刚完成的动作(常与yet,already,just连用),或者过去某一时刻发生的,持续到现在的情况(常与for,since连用)。例如:
1)I have just finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:since, for, during, over等引导出的短语;副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如:
1)I haven’t been there for five years.
2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中:
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时;如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如:
(1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2.过去完成时
(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况,这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如:
1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时,表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如:
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是:
1)was / were + to have done sth,例如:
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如:
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型:
1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如:
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如:
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of ) +过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如:
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
3.将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作;也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有:by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子;before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子;when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如:
1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4.完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式,有现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时。
(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如:
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如:
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如:
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四:时态一致
时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是:
1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时,从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候,从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时,从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如:
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注:在此种情况下,即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态,从句谓语也应用一般现在时。
4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况
利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时,还应注意,若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词,从句谓语只能用虚拟语气,不能遵循时态一致原则。例如:
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
动词的语态
语态也是动词的一种形式,英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态)
2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态)
1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语
(1)在英语中,不及物动词不能用于被动语态,但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如:appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。
(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词,如:become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。
2.被动语态的时态形式
常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式。
表1
时?SPAN lang=EN-US> 一般时 进行时 完成时
现在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
过去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
将来 shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
过去 should be asked should have been asked
将来 would be asked would have been asked
3.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词转换为被动语态时,通常被看作是一个动词,后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如:
1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态
“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果,而非动作本身,常用来表示突发性的,出乎意料的偶然事件。例如:
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外,“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事,是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如:
get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)
get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)
get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸)
get married(结婚)
5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态
(1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时,一次只能由一个宾语作主语,另一个宾语被保留下来。例如:
1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)
2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态)
3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态)
(2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时,原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如:
1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态)
2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态)
6.被动语态与系表结构的区别
(1)The novel was well written.(系表结构)
(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态)
7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思
例1:The book is selling remarkably well.
例2:The song sounds very beautiful.
能这样用的动词还有read(读起来),clean(擦起来),wash(洗起来),write(写起来)。
例3:My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need这样用的动词还有:want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。
例4:The meat is cooking.
例5:The book written by the professor is printing.
英语动词的时态
时态和时间是两个不同的概念。时间是一种客观存在的形式,它不依赖于任何一种特定的语言,为所有的文化共有。时态是一种语言的手段,依语言的不同而有所区别,它是属于动词的语法范畴。英语动词时态是以动词形式变化来表示句子中谈到的动作、状态的时间关系和说话的时间。因此我们可以看到时态和时间两者间虽然有关系,但不可以混淆。
英语动词的常用时态
一般现在时 现在进行时 一般过去时 过去进行时
一般将来时 将来进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时
将来完成时 现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时
1. 一般现在时
一般现在时的形式
是以动词的原形表示的,当主语为第三人称单数时,做谓语的动词原形后要加上词尾-s or –es, 其构成方式列表如下:
情况 构成 例词
一般情况 词尾加-s Reads, writes
以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的词 词尾加-es Teaches,washes,guesses, fixes, goes
以辅音字母+Y 结尾的词 变Y为I,再加-es Tries, carries
但是,动词to be 和to have 的一般现在时的形式特殊如下:
一般动词的词形变化 To be 的词形变化 To have 的词形变化
一般现在时的功用
1. 表示一直发生的事情,经常发生的动作:
2. 表示客观事实或者真理:
3. 谈论时间表、旅程表等,
4. 谈论籍贯、国籍等,
5. 询问或者引用书籍、通知或新近接到的信笺内容,
一般过去时
一般过去时是表示在说话时间以前发生的动作或者状态的动词时态,它是英语时态体系中最重要的时态之一。
1) 一般过去时规则动词的构成形式:
规则动词在其原形后面加-ed:
to work-worked
以字母e结尾的规则动词,只加-d:
to love---loved
对所有人称均无词形变化。
否定式均由did not + 动词原形构成
I / you / he / she / they / we did not work.
疑问式均由 did + 主语 + 动词原形 构成
拼写注意:
情况 变化 例词
动词为单音节,以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加-ed Stop-stoppedAdmit—admitted
以y结尾的动词,在y 前为辅音字母时 Y 变为 I ,加 – ed Carry –carriedHurry –hurried
以y 结尾的动词,在y 前为元音字母时 加—ed Obey—obeyedEnjoy---enjoyed
在英语当中有一部分动词的过去式变化形式是不规则的,这类动词被称为不规则动词。总数大概不过200多个,但是使用频率很高。主要分成三类:
1》 第一类不规则动词的三种形式同形,
注意,有些动词的过去式与过去分词有两中形式,
2》 第二类不规则动词的过去式和过去分词同形,
3》 第三类不规则动词的原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同,
此外还有少数不规则动词的过去分词与原形相同,
一般过去时的功用
1) 表示一个没指明具体时间的过去的行动,
2) 表示在过去特定的时间结束的行动,如:
3) 表示过去的习惯
现在完成时的形式
现在完成时由to have 的现在时+过去分词构成:
肯定式 否定式 疑问式 否定疑问式
紧缩形式
现在完成时的功用
现在完成时可以说成是兼有现在与过去意义的一种复合时态。它与现在有密切联系,
1) 表示延续到现在的动作 (有时是总计做了多少次等)。
2) 表示开始与过去而在说话时刻结束的行动,
3) 表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响,
4) 和最高级连用,表示到现在为止是最……的
5) 和句型 This is the first time…, It’s the first time 连用,
6) 和ever, never, yet, just, already 等副词连用,如:
7)与since 连用,since 表示与某一时刻或从句连用,表示“从那一刻到说话时为止”,它总是与完成时连用,一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
1) 过去时仅仅表示过去,现在完成时还表示与现在的关系, 2) 与现在无关的或者过去很久的历史事件不能用现在完成时
3)如果说明动作有特定的过去时间,就不能用现在完成时,
询问某事发生的具体时间或者地点时(when , what time, where), when , what time, where), 用一般过去时,
现在进行时
现在进行时是由助动词to be 的现在时 + 现在分词构成:
现在分词的构成,是在动词原形上加—ing, 但是应该注意:
情况 变化 例词
动词以单个e 结尾 去掉e, 加 ing Love _lovingArgue _ arguing
动词以 —ee结尾 直接加 ing Agree_ agreeingSee _ seeing
动词为单音节:以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加 ing Hit _ hittingRun _runningStop _ stopping
动词为双音节或者多音节:最后一个音节为重读音节,以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加 ing Be’gin be’ginningAd’mit ad’mitting
以 y 结尾的动词 直接加 ing Carry carryingEnjoy enjoying
现在进行时的功用
1) 表示说话时正在发生或者进行的动作
2) 表示在现在相对较长一段时间内正在进行的动作,但是说话一刻不一定在做的动作
这些动作,在说话时并不一定在发生或进行,而是在包括说话的一刹那在内的一段时间内发生、进行的。
3)表示最近的确定的安排
以上句子也可以用be going to (do) 的形式来表示。但是谈论已确定的安排时候,用现在进行时态显得更加自然,除非受到动词的功能的限制。在此,切不可用will, 如:
Alex is getting married next month. 不能用 will get married.
4) 和always 连用表示某种情绪,可能是厌烦也可能是赞扬,
有些动词是表示一种状态而不是动作,一般不用于进行时。例如,我们一般不说 I am knowing, 而说 I know. 常见的这类动词有:
一般现在时和现在进行时的比较
一般现在时表示的是一般、重复的动作或者事情
现在进行时表示说话时或说话前后正在发生的动作或事情,
一般现在时是表示经久的情况,而现在进行时表示的是暂时的,
过去进行时
过去进行时的构成形式为:
I / he /she was
We / they / you were + 动词的现在分词
过去进行时的功用
1) 表示在过去某个时间后者某段时间正在进行的动作,
2) 过去进行时和一般过去时连用,表示在一个动作发生的过程中,发生了另一个动作,
3) 过去一般时所说明的动作是已经完成的,而过去进行时不表示正在进行的动作一定会完成,
现在完成进行时
其构成形式如下:
I / we / they have
He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词
功用如下:
1) 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动。
2) 表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动,
3) 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在,可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内,重复发生的行动,
4) 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响,而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身,
一般现在时:am/is/are+taught
一般过去时:was/were+taught
一般将来时:will/shall be+taught
现在进行时:am/is/are being+taught
过去进行时:have/has been+taught
现在完成时:have/has been+taught
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