高考语法填空连词专题_高考连词真题
1.名词性从句简析
2.高考英语语法:并列连词3.表示因果的连词
3.收集高考英语作文常用词(如连词等)
4.请问whatever wherever这类的-ever能做引导词吗?
5.跪求英语高考作文常用的连词,过渡词,总结词。
6.表结果的句型和连接词 -高考英语写作万能句型
2007年高考语文试题辽宁卷解析
辽宁省沈阳市沈阳二中 王启霞
一、(15分,每小题3分)
1、答案C
解析本题考查考生对普通话常见字读音的正确识记。A.“长歌当哭”中的“当”应读作“dàng”,B.“吮吸”中的“吮”应读作“shǔn”,D.“脑髓”中的“髓”应读作“suǐ”。语音考查的重点设在容易读错的形声字、多音字、常见常用字上。字音误读一般表现在声母、韵母、声调误读上,今年侧重在考查声母、声调的正确读法,明显关注了学生日常语言的运用能力。
2、答案D
解析本题考查考生对现代汉语常用词语字形的识记。其中有8个合成词8个成语,都属于生活中常见常用的,每一项都仅有一个错别字。A项中“再所不惜”的“再”应写为“在”,B项中的“细水常流”中的“常”应写为“长”,C项中的“赋与”中的“与”应写为“予”。
字形考查的重点设在易混字字形上,以音同或音近的异形字为改错的主体。辨析的方法一般有四种:音辨法、形辨法、义辨法、结构辨析法。像A项中的“再所不惜”可以用形辨法,B项中的“细水常流”、C项中的“赋与”,都可以用义辨法进行分辨。本题所出现的词语与成语,都在“常用字”考查的范围,或在教材中出现过,或在平时的学习中习见习用,因此体现了良好的导向性——关注身边的语言现象。
3、答案B
解析本题考查考生对词语的正确理解和运用。“也”副词,意思为“同样”,“既是”与“也是”搭配,是并列关系,“更”是副词,意思为“更加”,若与“既是”搭配,则是递进关系,结合语境看,此处强调的是方永刚的“行”,所以用“更”。“躬身”意思为“弯下身子”,一般用于书面语,而“躬行”也是书面语,意思为“亲身实行”,根据句意可知,此处强调的是方永刚是一个“行者”,脚踏实地,所以应该用“躬行”。“体现”意思为“某种性质或现象在某一事物具体表现出来”,而“发挥”有两个含义,一个意思为“把内在的性质或能力表现出来”,一个意思为“把意思或道理充分表达出来”,根据句意,此处强调的是党的创新理论的威力,是感受得到的力量,所以与“发挥”的第一个意思比较搭配,应选“发挥”,故选B。
4、答案A
解析本题考查考生对常用熟语的理解和运用。A项中的“薪尽火传”出自《庄子·养生主》,意为“柴烧尽了,火种却可留下来。比喻学问或技艺代代相传”。原文强调儒学是由孔子所创立,经过漫长岁月得以延续发展。所以用“薪尽火传”来形容孔子的学问代代相传,比较恰当,语境合理。B项中的“无可置疑”意为“事实明显或理由充足,没有什么可以怀疑的”,多用于肯定句中,原句用在了否定句中,与原语境所要表达的意思不协调。应将“不应”改为“是”。C项中的“大人不见小人怪”比喻“大人胸怀豁达,对地位低的人的过错能原谅、宽容、不计较”。此处是想说对方管事太多,所以与语境不和,应换用“扁担上睡觉,管得太宽了”。D项中的“刮目相看”意为“用新的眼光看人”,结合语境看,原句语境是对龙骨重视,所以属于使用不当,应换用“独具慧眼”。
5、答案C
解析本题考查考生对语病的辨析。A项属语序不当,应将“化石”移到“牙齿”后。B项属成分残缺和赘余,“关注”后少了宾语,应在“配置不合理”后加“……的现象”,并将“造成新的资源配置不合理”的“造成”删去。这样“行业战线过长”“生产力过剩”“新的资源配置不合理”三个词组的结构就都是主谓短语,共同修饰“……的现象”。D项属逻辑不当,“指挥”应改为“操纵”。
常见的病句类型一般包括:语序不当、搭配不当、成分残缺和赘余、结构混乱、表意不明、不合逻辑六种,今年测试重点放在了语序不当、成分残缺和赘余、不合逻辑上,考生在做语病辨析题时,如能将平时所做的病句练习细分类别,对经常出错的类型反复强化,相信会有很好的效果的。
二、(9分,每小题3分)
6、答案D
解析本题考查考生对文本重要信息筛选和理解的能力。A项对应文本第2自然段第6行的“‘能够’是对技术功能的判断,是事实判断;‘应该’是价值判断、伦理判断。‘能够’不等于‘应该’,正如‘应该’不等于‘能够’。同样,技术不能取代道德,就像道德不能取代技术。”B项对应文本第2自然段第3~5行的“他所说的第一原则提出了一种技术逻辑——‘能够做’等于‘应该做’。这两条原则结合起来,就是凡技术能够做的都应当去做,而且还要尽量强化它的效果。即使是恶的技术,也应当采用,并且努力强化它的恶果。这当然是荒唐的逻辑。”, C项对应文本第2自然段第4行的“如果凡技术能够做到的事,我们都应当去做,那我们就放弃了对技术应用后果的评价和责任。”。据此可以断定D是错误的。此类题的解答方法主要在于结合问题锁定文本的相关区域进行关键信息的概括分析,把握全文是前提。
7、答案B
解析本题考查考生对重要语句的理解,答案区域在第3段第7~8行。A项对应文本第3自然段第3行的“是人主宰技术的命运,而不是技术主宰人的命运。技术的研究与应用要遵守技术的自然逻辑,即人造物进化的逻辑,也可以说是技术自身的逻辑;更要遵守技术的社会逻辑,或称社会逻辑,这是社会全面进步和人的全面发展的逻辑。”概括地说即“人主宰技术的命运,人对技术的研究和应用更应遵循技术的社会逻辑”,因此断定该项是错误的。B项对应文本第3自然段第8~9行的“人类的最高目标,不是发展和应用技术,而是人类的全面发展,技术只是为这个目标服务的手段。技术越发展,越应该强调对技术的人文关注”,该句的意思就是强调技术是人类全面发展的手段,结合题干来看,与此句刚好对应,所以该项正确。C项对应文本第3自然段第1~2行的“人与技术的关系只能是创造与被创造、开发与被开发、应用与被应用、控制与被控制、管理与被管理的关系……人是目的,技术是手段”,结合题干来看,该句“人和技术是创造与应用、开发与控制的关系”的说法就是错误的。D项对应文本第3自然段第2行和第7行的“技术应当为人谋利,而不应当损害人的利益”“人类的最高目标,不是发展和应用技术,而是人类的全面发展”,而D项的意思与所对应的区域的意思不对应,因此断定D项是错误的。
8、答案A
解析本题考查考生对文本的概括分析与整合能力。A项概括了文本第1~3自然段的内容,符合作者的观点,所以是正确的。B项的观点是第1自然段中法国社会学家埃吕尔的,不是作者的观点,所以该项是错误的。C项的观点是第2自然段中学者弗洛姆的,也不是作者的观点,所以该项也是错误的。D项的观点“技术应用的负面作用,责任不在技术而在人”的说法没有根据,更不是作者的观点,所以D项也是错误的。这道题主要体现在对不同文段的抽象概括与分析上,D项是干扰项,如果不细致的话,很容易选D项,所以关键是准确把握住文中表达作者观点的关键句,再加以细致辨析。
三、(12分,每小题3分)
9、答案B
解析本题考查常见文言实词的用法。B项中的“然”是通假字,通“燃”,意为“点燃”,结合语境看,原文是针对天下那些勇于与他人搏斗却怯于见到强盗的人,指出他们遇敌时,战战兢兢,发火器,再三再四都不能点燃,而原题的解释与语段义相去甚远。本题考查对文言实词的理解,A项中的“举”,在中学课本常见的意义基本是“举起”“发动”“推举”“占领”“全”等,本段中的用法应该说并不常见。B项中的“然”,常见义有“燃烧”的用法。C项中的“烛”有名词活用为动词,解释为“照”。D项中的“武”,中学课本常用意有“武力”“勇敢”,“步”的用法很少使用。所以该题考查的有点偏,超出了一般学生常用的知识范围。
10、答案D
解析本题考查考生常见文言虚词的用法。该题所出的虚词都是该语段出现的。A项中的“以”出自文本第2自然段第2行,第1自然段第3行。都是介词,意思分别为“用”“因为”。B项中的“于”出自文本第2自然段第7行,第4自然段第4行。都是介词,意思分别为“在”“被”。C项中的“而”出自文本第2自然段第4行,第4自然段第4行。都是连词,前一个表“承接关系”,后一个表“因果关系”。D项中的“之”出自文本第2自然段第11行,第2自然段第13行。都是助词,用在主谓间,取消句子独立性。
11、答案C
解析本题考查考生正确筛选信息的能力。从原文看,冉氏烹狗的原因主要是那条狗“伤行人勇,见盗贼怯”,结合语段看,①句对应文本第1自然段第1行,表现狗的凶猛。②项对应文本第2自然段第14行,表现狗欺软怕硬的特点。③句对应文本第2自然段第6行,写出作者爱狗的原因。④句对应文本第2自然段第3行。表现狗的强悍、凶猛。⑤项对应文本第1自然段第2行,写狗给主人带来的麻烦。⑥项对应文本第1自然段第1行,写冉氏家有条凶狗。结合原题所问仔细辨析,C项符合要求。做这类题最快捷的方法就是排除法,找出与题干有关的信息,比较辨析,得出结论。
12、答案A
解析本题考查考生正确筛选信息并能准确判断的能力。从原文第2自然段看,冉氏烹狗的原因主要是“搏行人则勇,见盗则怯”,结合原文第3自然段看,作者否定了那些勇于私斗而怯于公战的市井无赖,认为这些人与这条狗一样,狗被烹,不值得奇怪。所以A项是错误的。这道题主要体现在对不同文段的概括分析上,B项是干扰项,关键是准确把握住文中各段的段落大意,找出能表达作者观点的关键句,细致辨析。
四、(22分)
13、答案故曰/勇于私斗而怯于公战/又奚独怪于狗而烹之/嘻/过矣!
解析“曰”后一般要停顿,或是某人说,或是引用他人的话,总之要揭示其中的内涵。从原文来看,应在“战”“烹之”“嘻”后停顿,意思才完整明确。文言文断句用以考查考生文言识句并正确断句的能力。方法:准确理解文章,明确文言语法、文言句式及词类活用等特点,了解一些古代的文化习俗、典故等。
14、答案(1)冉氏因此很厌恶这条狗。
(2)我从前克制忍耐不杀它(的原因),是因为它在意外、紧急的时候可能有用。
(1)句译出大意给1分,“患苦”译为“厌恶”“不满”一类的意思给1分,译为“以……为忧”“以……为苦”也可。(2)句译出大意给2分;“向”译为“从前”一类的意思给1分,“不之杀”译为“不杀它”一类的意思给1分。
解析本题考查考生对文言文的理解和现代汉语的表达能力。2006年翻译是三道小题,2007年,减少为两道,体现了务实求新的精神。此类题考查的多是有重要的语言现象的句子。如(1)句“患苦”,就是形容词的意动用法。(2)句的“所以”“为”“仓卒一旦”分别是“……的原因”“因为”“匆忙紧急”。这些用法必须是在理解原文语段的基础上才能准确答出,因此该题有一定的区分度。
15、答案(1)王诗写的是“秋夜”,写了山中果落、灯前虫鸣的现象;(1分)周诗写的是“春夜”,写了春雪初停、残月挂山、溪水成冰的景象。(1分)王诗描写的是动景,(1分)周诗描写的是静景。(1分)(2)王诗写的是悲哀孤独的心境。(1分)一、二句写是人独坐的孤寂和岁月流逝的悲凉;三、四句写草木昆虫零落哀鸣,更添悲哀。(1分)周诗写的是宁静安适的心境。(1分)一、二句写是人独坐灯下苦读,不觉夜深;三、四句用“不知”室外景色的变化衬托了诗人夜读时的投入和专注。(1分)以上答案不必拘泥,言之成理即可。
解析(1)题考查的是对作品内容与形式的理解。这道题答题要点主要在抓住诗句的景色描写,判断各自的特点。王维诗第二联有“雨中山果落,灯下草虫鸣”,照应题目“秋夜独坐”中“秋夜”的景色特点,周弼诗第二联有“门外不知春雪雾,半峰残月一溪冰”可知写的是“春夜”之景。从手法上看,王维诗写的是动景,周诗描写的是静景,来衬托堂屋的静。(2)题考查考生古诗文鉴赏能力。王诗首联有“秋夜独坐悲双鬓”,周诗首联有“不闻更”“独坐书床”,可见,王诗是感叹时光易逝、内心非常孤独悲哀,周诗则反映了全心读书、陶然自得的心理。再联系各自诗中景色的特点,王诗草木零落昆虫哀鸣,周诗“不知春雪霁”,推知作者读书极为投入的安适心境。古诗鉴赏角度的较多,把握全诗的感情基调很重要,其次是字句。古人讲究炼字炼句,字词是把握形象与意境的关键,它也是分析语言风格、写作技巧、表现手法、修辞手法的前提。
16、答案(1)星垂平野阔(2)羡长江之无穷(3)茶馆 (4)巴尔扎克
每空一分。如果有错别字,则该空不给分。每小题1分。
解析本题考查考生对名句名篇的识记能力。四个小题的默写内容都出自课本。这是本次命题的一个亮点,引导学生关注教材常见的基本常识,具有很好的导向性。
五、(21分)
17、答案起铺垫(或引出下文)的作用。(2分)写“秋去冬来”,自然引出下文的“炉火”,由自然环境的变化写出了作者的感伤情绪,为下文写“炉火”的意蕴预设了空间。(2分)
解析本题考查考生对关键语句的理解能力。认真揣摩上下文意,理清段落之间的关系,了解行文思路与感情脉络。可以发现,此题关涉到结构、内容等两方面的思考,首段大意是秋去冬来,花木凋零像人的年华在消失。据此可分析出为下文“炉火”出现做铺垫,也写出了作者的感伤情绪,为下文写“炉火”的象征义做伏笔。答此类题主要有两方面考虑,一是在文章结构中的作用,二是对下文及文章主旨起的作用。
18、答案感伤(感伤之情)一感动(温馨之情)一感奋(激昂之情)答对1层给1分。意思相近即可。
解析本题考查考生筛选信息和对作品结构的分析概括能力。联系文章整体,理清感情变化与相互关系的关键段,确定对应的语句仔细分析其含义。表现情感的段落集中体现在第1自然段第4行“叶子默默辞柯了,像一声声年华消失的感叹”,第2自然段第2~3行“我进入静多动少的生活。每到安炉子和撤火的时候,我的心里总有些感触,季候的变迁,情绪的转换,打下了很鲜明、很深刻的印记”,在第4自然段第6~8行,“炉子,成为我亲密的朋友,几十年来,它的脾气我是摸透了。它,有时暴烈,有时温柔,它伴我寂寞,给我安慰和喜悦”。第5自然段第2行“炉火以它的体温温暖我……像是为我欢呼。炉子里的红光一点,像只炯炯的明眸,我心安了”。第7段第4~6行“它不仅使人触感上感到温暖,而且透过视觉在心灵上感受到一种启示与希望的闪光。第8段第3~5行“篝火以它的巨大热力使人通体舒畅,它的火柱冲天而起,在黑暗中给人以一种巨大的鼓舞力量与向前冲击的勇气”。第9段1~4行“它们也有相同的性格:它们发热,它们发光,它们也能发出震撼心灵的声响”,据此,表达的情感可归纳出有感伤、温暖、受鼓舞等变化。
19、答案这两段运用了对比手法、拟人手法、比喻手法。(各1分)通过冷暖对比突出了炉火带给人的温馨之感。(1分)文中“它的脾气我是摸透了”、炉火像“明眸”等拟人、比喻手法,形象、生动地传达出作者对炉火的喜爱之情,表现出炉火对作者的特殊意义。(1分)
解析本题主要考查的是考生对表达技巧运用与分析的能力。大多数考生对比喻与拟人手法都能找出来并做简要分析,但4-5两段运用的是对比手法还是衬托手法,存在分歧,一部分学生答的是衬托中的反衬手法,还有一部分学生对比、衬托手法都答了。其实答对比与反衬都对。解答此类试题,要掌握常见的表现手法和修辞手法,明确它们的修辞作用,并善于结合原文内容具体分析。
20、答案这样写可以丰富“炉火”的意蕴。(2分)“火箱”和“篝火”不仅给人带来温暖,还给人以启示与希望、力量和勇气,从而深化了主题,(2分)也使行文富于变化。(1分)
解析本题考查考生对文章文体特点的感受品评能力。从散文特点看,写“火箱”和“篝火”,扩大了炉火的表现范围,深化了炉火的精神,体现了散文形散神凝的特点。“深化了炉火的精神”,就是“丰富了‘炉火’的意蕴”;散文“形散”就体现了行文变化。阅读能力是一个多侧面,多层次的复杂系统。不同文体的特点会在不同风格不同情境下展开,要结合具体内容加以分析,使文体特点落到实处。
21、答案不是。文章有怀旧情绪,但并非全文主旨。(1分)文章主旨是艺术地揭示了“炉火”带给人的温暖与活力、希望与勇气,表明了作者热爱生活、积极向上的人生态度。(3分)
解析本题考查考生对文中主旨分析概括能力。这是一种较高的思维要求,也是阅读能力的一种比较高的境界。联系文本整体,文中的回忆是扩大炉火的表现范围,不仅仅是怀旧。“炉火”具有象征义,代表着希望、勇气、性格、精神等。这样可以得出结论。抓住文中象征手法的特点,深入把握炉火的深刻内涵,是解答此题的关键。
六、(11分)
22.把下列句子组成语意连贯的一段话。(写序号即可)(3分)
答案④①⑤②③
(5句全正确给3分,连续4句正确给2分,连续3句正确给1分,其余不给分)
解析本题考查考生表达应用能力。根据句意之间的逻辑关系,分别找出意思联系紧密的句子排成组。①⑤、②③应是一组,接着看④适合排在哪一组比较合适。结合句意看,放在①⑤前比较合理。今年该题判分的标准很灵活,这是一个亮点。做此类题的方法,找时间或事理上的联系,化整为零,确定句子的排列组合,然后再化零为整,统一组成一段完整的话。
23、答案共同点:都在增长。(1分)不同点:中国是稳定性增长,(1分)世界是起伏性增长。(1分)评述:我国国民经济持续发展,经济改革成效显著。
解析本题考查考生语言应用与转换能力。从图表看,我国经济发展平稳,呈上升趋势,世界经济发展波动较大,上升缓慢。据此得出:我国国内经济发展平稳呈上升趋势,改革的效果显著。做此类题要精读细审,弄清要求,数据对比要把握好。否则就可能得出相反的结论。
24、答案示例:
①如果我是一只大鹏,久久地在地面上盘旋,我一定坚定我的信念,更高,更高,更高……
②如果我是一只小鸟,姗姗地在枝头上流连,我一定放开我的歌喉,歌唱,歌唱,歌唱……
解析该题重点考查考生的仿写能力。判分标准是暗喻、拟人、反复三种辞格模仿正确给2分;句子通顺,结构完整,无错别字给2分。答此题要注意两点:①明确试题要求,注意有哪些修辞手法。②明确几个句子,彼此是什么关系。
七、(60分)
25、解析“我能”这个题目内容平易、稳妥,切合成长中的高中生的思想实际,考生思考和发挥的空间很大。文体要求的开放,也为考生提供了更多地选择,避免了考生往一种思路上走,造成模式单一的状况,应该说作文的导向是正确的。可写的思路可谓丰富多彩。可以联系现实中感动中国的杰出人物,如刘翔、袁隆平等,剖析他们精神的共性——敢于向事业的颠峰和困难挑战,以自己顽强的拼搏,向世人证明——我能。还可以从历史人物——李广、范蠡、诸葛亮、苏武等身上,去读人生的酸甜苦辣,敢于说——我能坦然接受,我能重新崛起。从而明白了人生需要承受。还可以联系自身成长的经历,感受到信念的背后是对自我的肯定——我能……作文可以有理性的思考,有辨证的分析,有意境的烘托,有故事的渲染等。防止宿构,偏离文题,另起炉灶,如把命题改成话题,标题换成“我能发现美”,尽管也有命题“我能”的字眼,但多少还是有改题之嫌。或者抛开“我能”,大谈生活中有美,最后说我能发现美,这样写基本上也是跑题,是不符合要求的。
2007年《考试大纲》仍然体现了对考生的语言应用能力的重视。考生只要平时观察生活、勤于练笔,相信会有收获的。本次命题对写作的能力要求也更加具体,更加切合学生的实际。
今年作文评分的标准也基本没变。①基础等级评分以题意、内容、语言、文体为重点,全面衡量。符合文体要求,指符合考生根据题意和内容自选的文体的要求。②发展等级评分,依据12个评分点,不求全面,以一点突出者按等评分,直至满分。③缺题目扣2分;每3个错别字扣1分,重复的不计;不足字数,每少50个字扣1分。④确认为抄袭的作文,“基础等级”在四等之内评分,“发展等级”不给分。
名词性从句简析
试题练习
文言虚词练习(一)
一、解释句中?而?字的意义和用法。
1、得双石于潭上,扣而聆之
2、陋者乃以斧斤考击而求之
3、图穷而匕见
4、余闻而愈悲
5、庄宗受而藏之
6、温故而知新
7、入于太庙,还矢先王,而告以成功
8、此所以学者不可以不深思而慎取之也
9、赵尝五战于秦,二败而三胜
10、惜其用武而不终也
11、至於幽暗昏惑而无物以相之
12、吾见师之出,而不见其入也
13、君子博学而日参省乎己
14、有志与力,而又不随以怠
15、邹忌修八尺有余,而形貌昳丽
16、河曲智叟笑而止之曰
17、盛以锦囊,负而前驱
18、徐而察之
19、夫诸侯而骄人则失其国
20、诸君而有意,瞻予马首可也
21、余亦悔其随之而不得极夫游之乐也
22、玉在山而草木润,渊生珠而崖不枯
23、必欲烹而翁,则幸分我一杯羹
24、既而儿醒,大啼
二.下列句中加点的?而?字分类正确的一组是()
①顺风而呼,声非加疾也,而闻者彰②河曲智叟笑而止之曰
③赵岂敢留璧而得罪大王乎④则天下之民皆引领而望之
⑤以其求思之深而无不在也⑥结庐在人境,而无车马喧
⑦余方心动欲还,而大声发于水上⑧君子博学而日参省乎己
A.①⑦/②④/③⑤/⑥⑧B.①⑦/②③/⑤⑧/④⑥
C.①⑥/②④/③⑦/⑤⑧D.①④/②③/⑥⑦/⑤⑧
三、判断?而?在文段中的意义。
兵者,危道也。须戮力同心,切勿如蟹六跪(1)而二螯,否则,何以胜?故冯婉贞曰:?诸君(2)而有意,瞻予马首可也。?冯氏虽小,然青,取之于蓝(3)而青于蓝,更胜其父。婉贞博学(4)而日参省乎己,非只效书生终日(5)而思也。三思(6)而后行,故有抗敌之大捷。非(7)而所谓小女子也,乃巾帼英杰(8)而。
文言虚词练习(二)
一、解释句中?何?字的意义和用法。
1.何者?严大国之威以修敬也。
2.予尝求古仁人之心,或异二者之为,何哉?
3.豫州今欲何至?
大王来何操?
4.然则何时而乐耶?
其间旦暮闻何物?
5.何不按兵束甲,北面而事之?
6.徐公何能及君也?
7.秦王扫六合,虎视何雄哉!
8.至于誓天断发,泣下沾襟,何其衰也!
9.吏呼一何怒,妇啼一何苦?
10.今日之事何如?
11、其辱人贱行,视五人之死,轻重固何如哉
12何以战?
13.吾王庶几无疾病与,何以能鼓乐也。
14.沛公大惊,曰:"为之奈何?"
15.奈何取之尽锱铢,用之如泥沙。
二、下列句中加点的`?何?字的意义与例句相同是()
例句:作计何不量!先嫁得府吏,后嫁得郎君。
A.徐公何能及君也B.大王来何操C.其间旦暮闻何物,杜鹃啼血猿哀鸣
D.邻国之民不加少,寡人之民不加多,何也E.至于誓天断发,泣下沾襟,何其衰也!
三、判断?何?在文中的意义。
?徐公(1)何能及君也?本谬也,懂其理者,(2)何可胜道也哉?然其妻如此言者,(3)何也?其所据(4)何为?原其理,当为爱之深也。可见,情之误,(5)何其大也!然(6)何人能忘情耶?(7)何以除此弊,望君以良策教我,(8)何如?
文言虚词练习(三)
一、解释句中?乎?字的意义和用法。
1、王侯将相宁有种乎?
2、儿寒乎?欲食乎?
3、王之好乐甚,则齐其庶几乎?
4、师劳力竭,远主备之。无乃不可乎?
5、呜呼!孰知赋敛之毒有甚至是蛇者乎!
6、宁赴常流而葬乎江鱼腹中耳。
7、生乎吾前,其闻道也固先乎吾,吾从而师之。
8、故今之墓中全乎五人也。
9、恢恢乎,其于游刃有余地矣!
二、下列句子中加点的?乎?的用法判定正确的一项是()
①生乎吾前其闻也固先乎吾,吾从而师之②曰:壮士,能复饮乎
③圣人之所以为圣,愚人之所以为愚,其皆出于此乎
④浩浩乎如冯虚御风,而不知其所止
A.①与②相同,③与④相同B.①与②相同,③与④不同
C.①与②不同,③与④相同D.①与②不同,③与④不同
三、判断?乎?在文中的意义。
王之好乐甚,则齐其庶几(1)乎?然吾曾见一人,其家世代捕蛇,已多人死(2)乎是,然其仍从此业,吾问其故,其曰:?以此可塞赋敛。?可见,赋敛之毒有甚是蛇者(3)乎!而王胡为(4)乎如此好乐?若恢恢(5)乎王于理事必有余,则王之所为,宜也。臣之驽顿,所言多谬,王能谅之(6)乎?
参考答案
练习(一)
一、解释句中?而?字的意义和用法
1-5连词,表承接?来、就?;6-9连词,表并列?和、并且?;10-12连词,表转折?却?;13-15连词,表递进?而且?;16-18连接状语和动词,表修饰;19-20连词,表假设?如果?;21-22连词,表因果?因而?;23代词,通?尔?,?你、你的?;24时间副词词尾,助词。
二、1. C(①⑥转折连词; ②④修饰连词; ③⑦顺承连词; ⑤⑧递进连词。)
三、1. 连词,并列关系;2. 连词,假设关系,可译为?如果?;3. 连词,转折关系,可译为?然而?;
4. 连词,递进关系;5. 连词,修饰关系;6. 连词,承接关系;7. 代词,同?尔?,可译为?你?;8. 语气助词,放在句末,表示劝告或感叹语气,可译为?吧、啊?。
练习(二)
一、1.疑问代词
(1)单独用作谓语,问原因,后面带有语气助词?哉、也?。译作?为什么、什么原因?。如:何者?严大国之威以修敬也。(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)予尝求古仁人之心,或异二者之为,何哉?(《岳阳楼记》)
(2)用作前置的宾语,问处所或事物,译作?哪里、什么?,译时?何?要后置。如:豫州今欲何至?(《赤壁之战》)大王来何操?(《鸿门宴》)
(3)用作定语。译作?什么、哪?。如:然则何时而乐耶?(《岳阳楼记》)其间旦暮闻何物?(《琵琶行》)
2.副词:
(1)用作状语,常表示反问。译作?为什么、怎么?。如:何不按兵束甲,北面而事之?(《赤壁之战》)徐公何能及君也?(《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》)
(2)表程度,常用在形容词前。译作?怎么、多么、怎么这样?。如:秦王扫六合,虎视何雄哉!(李白《古风十九首?其三》)至于誓天断发,泣下沾襟,何其衰也!(《伶官传序》)吏呼一何怒,妇啼一何苦?(《石壕吏》)
3.构成复音虚词?何如、何以?。
(1)?何如?即?如何?,常用于疑问句中,表疑问。译作?怎么样?。如:今日之事何如?(《鸿门宴》)其辱人贱行,视五人之死,轻重固何如哉(《五人墓碑记》)
(2)?何以?即?以何?,常用于疑问句中作状语。译作?拿什么、凭什么?。如:何以哉?(《曹刿论战》)吾王庶几无疾病与,何以能鼓乐也(《庄暴见孟子》)
(3)?奈何?,常用于疑问句中作谓语或状语。译作?怎么办、为什么?。如:沛公大惊,曰:?为之奈何?(《鸿门宴》)奈何取之尽锱铢,用之如泥沙(《阿房宫赋》)
二、3.A (A.怎么;B.什么,宾语;C.什么,定语;D.为什么;E.多么)
三、1. 疑问副词,可译为?怎么?;2. 疑问代词,可译为?怎么?;3. 疑问代词,可译为?为什么?;4. 疑问代词,可译为?什么?;5. 副词,可译为?多么?;6. 疑问代词,可译为?什么?;7. 可译为?凭什么?;8. 可译为?怎么样?。
练习(三)
一、解释句中?乎?字的意义和用法
1.助词,表反问,可译为?吗、呢?; 2.助词,表疑问,可译为?吗、呢?;3-4助词,表测度,可译为?吧?;5.助词表感叹,可译为?啊、呀?;6-7介词,相当于?于?;8-9形容词词尾,译的样子?,也可不译。
二、D(①比; ②助词,表疑问语气; ③助词,表揣测语气;④词尾。)
三、1. 助词,测度语气,可译为?吧?;2. 相当于?于?;3. 助词,感叹语气,可译为?啊、呀?;4. 助词,用在句中表停顿;5. 助词,词尾,不译;6. 句末语气助词,表疑问语气,可译为?吗?。
高考英语语法:并列连词3.表示因果的连词
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、高考焦点指南在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目,在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到,并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面
1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题
高考真题例示:
例1. The photographs will show you ____.(MET1989)
A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like
例2. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ___________. (NMET2000)
A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is
例3. Can you make sure ______ the gold ring? (NMET1990)
A. where Alice had put B. where did Alice put
C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put
例4. He asked ________ for the violin. (NMET1991)
A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much
C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid
2. 考查引导词that与what的区别
高考真题例示:
例1. ______we can’t get seems better than ______we have. (NMET1996)
A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what
例2. No one can be sure _____ in a million years. (MET1991)
A. what man will look like B. what will man look like
C. man will look like what D. what look will man like
例3. _______ you have done might do harm to other people. (MET 1987)
A. That B. What C. Whether D. How
例4. _______ you don't like him is none of my business. (上海1992)
A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether
3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法
高考真题例示:
例1. _____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET1995)
A. There B. This C. That D. It
例2. It worried her a bit ______her hair was turning grey.
A. while B. if C. that D. for
例3. I hate _____when people talk with their mouths full. (NMET1998)
A. it B. that C. this D. them
例4. Does _______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? (MET 1991)
A. this B. that C. he D. it
4. 考查whether与if的区别
高考真题例示:
例1. _____we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. (NMET1996)
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
例2. What the doctors really doubt is _____my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. (上海2001)
A. when B. how C. whether D. why
例3. _____ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. (MET1992)
A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That
5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别
高考真题例示:
例1. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____he or she wants. (NMET1997)
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
例2. ______leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (MET1988)
A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who
例3. Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______shares her interests. (上海1995)
A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who
6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题
高考真题例示:
例1:It is necessary that a college student ______at least a foreign language. (上海1993)
A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master
二、语法要点剖析
一、名词性从句
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句,在整个句子中所起的作用,相当于一个名词。因此,这四种从句通称为名词性从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.
连接副词:when, where, how, why
1. 主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever, whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
(1)?It + be + 名词 + that从句
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
2. 宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如:
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用
不同时态。例如:
he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)
he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)
当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
3. 表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning
4. 同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、 hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、 request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
三、高考热点透视
1. ___ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET 1995)
A. There B. This C. That D. It
答案D。当名词从句在句中作主语时,为避免句子头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语置于句首,而将真正的主语从句放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用,本身无实义。此句也可以改写为:That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact.
2.A computer can only do ____ you have instructed it to do.(NMET2001)
A.how B.after C.what D.when
答案C。从句子结构可知,句子的空白处应该填引导宾语从句的连词,做主句谓语动词do的宾语,同时该连接词还是从句中的do的宾语,因此,此处的连接词应该用what。
3. He asked ____ for a violin.(MET1992)
A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much
C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid
答案:D。宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,句子语序要用陈述语序。
4. What the doctors really doubt is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.(上海2001年春季招生)
A. when B. how C. whether D. why
答案C。这是一个表语从句。根据 doubt一词可知,所怀疑的应是是否能治好病,所以要填whether。这句话的意思是“医生真的怀疑我妈妈是否能很快从重病中恢复过来。”
5.It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____he or she wants. (NMET1997)
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
答案B。根据句意“一般认为孩子要什么就给什么是不好的。”可以看出后面的从句应是一个宾语从句,而从句中wants缺少宾语,A. however 和D. whenever是不能作宾语的;排除A和D,whichever表示“无论哪一个,无论哪些”,应表示一定范围内的人或物,此处没有涉及事物的范围,所以应选 B.whatever,表示“无论什么”。
6. ______leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (MET1988)
A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who
答案C。本题句子的意思是:无论谁最后离开房间一定要把灯关掉。本题考查连接代词whoever引导的名词性从句,连接代词whoever可以引导名词性从句,并在从句中作主语,相当于any person who或The person who, 意为“一切……的人”。而anyone和the person均非连词,不能引导从句,况who leaves the room last意为“某个最后离开房间的人”,与题意不符,如果要选A. Anyone或B. The person,都必须在它们后面再加上引导定语从句的关系代词who。如果要选D. Who就体现不出“无论谁”的含义了。
7. Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______shares her interests. (Shanghai1995)
A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who
答案为C。本题句子的意思是:Sarah希望跟自己有共同爱好的人交朋友。疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的从句的区别是:前者既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句;后者只能引导让步状语从句。首先排除A和D,从句中需要的是主语,所以whomever也不行。
8. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---- Is that ______ you had a few days off ? ( NMET1999)
A. why B. what C. when D. where
答案A。根据语境,甲说上周驱车去珠海观看航模展览。乙据此来询问甲这是否是请几天假的原因,故答案是A。答案B,C, D均与该题语境不符。根据上句提供的语境,下句应该问“那就是你为什么离开几天的原因吗?”
9. I still remember ______ this used to be a quiet village. ( NMET1993)
A. when B. how C. where D. what
答案A。根据从句中缺少的句子成分是状语,排除D.what,而答案C, D均与题意不符,所以应选A.when。used to be表示一种过去存在的状态,本句的意思是“我仍然记得这里在什么时候是个宁静的地方。”
10.I read about it in some book or other,does it matter ____ it was?(2001春季招生)
A.where B.what C.how D.which
答案D。这是一个主语从句。主语从句中缺少表语。从上句的意思分析,应是哪本书,所以要填which,这句话的意思是“我在某本书中读到过有关这方面的内容,是哪一本书重要吗?”。
11. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C when D. as (2001年上海)
答案B。该题考查that引导的同位语从句。同位语从句通常由that引导,接在fact, news, promise, possibility, information, doubt, message名词后,用来解释或说明名词的内容。
12. —I think it is going to be a big problem.
—Yes, it could be.
—I wonder ______ we can do about it. (北京 2002春季)
A、if B、how C、what D、that
答案C。本题考察名词性从句的连接词的用法。wonder后面应跟宾语从句,而从句中的谓语动词do是及物动词,可见从句缺少一个代替宾语的成分,我们可以用排除法排除不作成分的if和that,再排除引导方式状语的how,答案是C,句子的意思是“我们能就此做些什么”。
四、专项考点练习
1. ________that they found an unusual plant in the forest.
A. It is said B. They are said C. It said D. It says
2. _____ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B. That C. How D. Where
3. It worried Mary a lot _____ she would pass the college entrance examination.
A. whether B. if C. that D. how
4. Shanghai has taken on a new look. It isn’t like _____ it used to be .
A .what B. how C. that D. which
5. ____ is no possibility ______ Bob will win the first prize in the match.
A. There, that B. It, that C. There, whether D. It, whether
6. Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster ____ he had done the day before.
A .that B. how C .what D. where
7. The old man smiled when he saw how pretty _____ up to be during the past few years.
A. had his daughter grown B. would his daughter grow
C. his daughter would grow D. his daughter had grown
8. Have you seen Mary lately? My boss wants to know _______.
A.?how she is getting along B. how is she getting along
C. what she is getting along D. what is she getting along
9. ____surprised me most was _____such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well.
A.?That; what B. What; that C. That; that D. What; what
10. These wild flowers are so special I would do ______ I can to save them.
A. whatever B. which C. that D. whichever
11. _____ helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. The person
12. Eat _____ you like and leave the others for _____ comes in late.
A. any; who B. every; whoever C. whichever; whoever D. either; whoever
13. ____ she couldn’t understand was _____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
A. What; why B. That; why C. What; because D. Why; that
14. It was ____ he said ___ disappointed me.
A. What; that B. That; that C. What; what D. That;what
15. It was ordered that all the soldiers _______to the front.
A. should send B. must be sent C. should be sent D. must go
16. The true value of life is not in ______, but _______.
A. which we get; what give we B. what we get; what we give
C. which do we get; what do we give D. how we get; that we give
17. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _______.
A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to be put off
18. Go and get your coat.It's ____ you left it.
A. where B. there C. here where D. where there
19. Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______ shares her interests.
A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who
20. You can’t imagine ______ when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
Keys: 1---5 A A ABA 6---10 CDABA 11----15 CCAA C 16---20 BAACB
收集高考英语作文常用词(如连词等)
《并列连词3.表示因果的连词》由liuxue86.com我整理。本内容整理时间为05月12日,如有任何问题请联系我们。
3.表示因果的连词
1)for可以表示?因为?但引导的不是从句,而是分句,对前面情况加以解释,常用逗号把它和前面的分句分开,这在书面语中计较多见(口语中多用because, as , since等):
The days were short, for it was now December. 白天很短,因为现在已经是十二月。
它还可以表示为什么有前面的看法(此时不能用because, as, since):
She must have gone out early, for she had not shown up at breakfast.
她肯定一早出去了,因为她没来吃早饭。
2)so 表示结果,可译为?因此?、?所以?:
Our cases were heavy, so we took a taxi. 我们的箱子很重,因此我们坐了出租车。
3)therefore 为副词,也表示同样的意思,可放句前:
He had gone; she therefore gave the money to me.
他走了,于是她把钱给了我。
4)hence 也是副词,也表示类似意思,多用在说理性文章中,且多用在分句或句子开头:
My mother is by herself; hence I must go home now. 我妈一个人在家,因此我得回去了。 《并列连词3.表示因果的连词》由liuxue86.com我整理
请问whatever wherever这类的-ever能做引导词吗?
四C标准
准确用词关系到表达的正确和地道,一般而言涉及四个“C”:
第一个“C”为connotation(内涵),它比meaning(意义)更为深入。例如,discount的意思为“折扣”,但英语中“30%discount”指原价100元现在卖70元;而汉语中“三折”指原价100元现在卖30元。汉语表达的很多意思在英语中没有完全对应的说法,但可以尽量找接近的,以提高表达的“精确度”。《新东方英语》2004年第1期29页一篇讲词汇知识的文章说“有时候会犯些小错(mistake),有时候会闹大笑话(blunder)”,其实blunder是强调错误的“严重”和“非故意”,howler才和“大笑话”对应。
第二个“C”为collocation(搭配)。它除了影响地道性(如big rain不如heavy rain地道),还与词义有关,例如apply与for和to搭配时意思分别为“申请”和“运用”。须注意的是entitle若和to搭配意思就不是通常的“冠名,命名”,而是“拥有某种权利、地位、荣誉等”。“be entitled to”的用法首先出现于1995年研究生入学考试第25题,2003年上海高考第53题“再现”时答对率仅11%(显然其中还有许多是猜对的)。
第三个“C”为contest(上下文)。上下文会影响词的意义,笔者曾讨论过不同上下文中词义截然相反的情况(本报2003.10.3)。当然,广义的contest还包括场合。例如,“生意兴隆通四海,财源茂盛达三江”可以简单地表达为“Far and wide trade booms;here andthere money comes”,但在正式场合译为“Home and abroad business thrives;hither and thither profit arrives”更好,因为这样用词较为庄重和古雅(hither and thither是here and there在古英语中的说法)。
第四个“C”为culture(文化),这需要考虑使用不同语言的人的思维方式、风俗习惯和可能的心理反应等因素。例如,东西方对狗的情感态度不同,狗在西方并不像在东方一样可鄙。英语中“dog-eat-dog”并不像汉语中“狗咬狗”一样带有鄙夷甚至幸灾乐祸的感情色彩,而是强调残酷甚至有点痛惜。这一差异在英译汉的时候尤其应该重视。口译时若把“as faithful as a dog”译为“像狗一样忠实”很容易引起东方人的反感,活译为“像老黄牛一样忠诚”则效果会好得多。又如,海燕(storm petrel)在中、俄两国是进步和新锐力量的象征,但在西方经济界则指引起恐慌和震荡的人或事物,因此可以视具体情况用pioneer,vanguard,gazelle或bellwether等词替代。
(文/华东师大 窦东友 材料工程博士,英语教育博士后)
(1)bad egg坏蛋,歹徒。
Trust him nothing;he is a bad egg。别信他,他是个坏蛋。
(2)crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪,假慈悲。
Don't weep crocodile tears with his misfortune. I know you have always detested him and are only too happy to see him get into trouble。别假惺惺地为他的不幸难过了,我知道你一直讨厌他,看到他倒霉,心里可高兴哩!
(3)cry wolf呼喊“狼来了”,发假情报。
That politician cries wolf in every speech he makes。那个政治家在他的每篇演说中都发假警报。
(4) (that is) easier said than done说起来容易做起来难。
Easier said than done,let's pay more attention to practice.
说起来容易做起来难,让我们多注意些实践吧!
(5)fish in troubled waters混水摸鱼,乘人之危。
He's always been good at fishing in troubled waters; he made a lot of money by buying houses that were bombed in the war.他总是善于乘人之危大捞一把,他靠购买在战争中遭过轰炸的房屋而赚了大量的钱财。
(6)fish out of water离水之鱼,不得其所。
She felt like a fish of water at the evening party because she knew no one. 她在晚会上感到很局促,因为她一个人也不认识。
(7)gives someone an inch and he will take an ell得寸进尺。
If you give those people an inch,they'll take an ell;we told them they might use our side path to reach their garden,now they have fenced in the path so that we cannot use it ourselves.那些人就是得寸进尺;我们对他们说,他们可以经过我们的小道进他们的花园,现在他们已在小道上修起了篱笆,以致我们自己也无法走这条小路过去了。
(8)go west上西天,死,失败。
Poor John was one of those who went west in the explosion.可怜的约翰是在这次爆炸中魂归西天的人物之一。
(9)in a word一句话,简而言之
I have no time to tell you the whole story, in a word, they become hostile to each other。我没时间把全部经过告诉你,一句话,他们相互成了仇敌。
(10)lose face丢脸;失面子。
Certain country often loses face in regard to its relations with small weak countries on account of its dirty tricks某个国家在与弱小国家交往中因其使用卑鄙手段而总是丢脸。
(11)odds and ends零零碎碎。
What shall we do with all those odds and ends?我们用那些残余的东西可做什么呢?
(12)play with fire玩火,作无谓而危险的事。
He who plays with fire gets burned.玩火者必自焚。
(13)strike while the iron is hot趁热打铁。
Father is in a good mood at the moment.Strike while the iron is hot and ask him to let you go to the circus.这时父亲的情绪很好,乘此机会求他让你去看马戏。
(14)there’s no smoke without fire无火不冒烟;无风不起浪。
The story is all over the town. It is being spread by someone or by some people. There's no smoke without fire.这个传说遍及全城,有人或有些人还在散布。真是无火不冒烟。
(15)a thorn in the flesh (side)肉中刺;棘手的事,不断使某人烦恼的根源。
(l6)The memory of this act will be a thorn in the flesh for the rest of your life,my boy.这种行动会使你不断引起回忆。使你终生烦恼,我的朋友。
跪求英语高考作文常用的连词,过渡词,总结词。
一、引导状语从句
它们都可用来引导状语从句(让步状语从句),其大意为“无论什么(是谁、哪一个、什么时候、什么地方、如何)”等,相当于英语中的 no matter what (who, which, when, where, how)。如:
Whatever [No matter what] you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么,我都相信你。
Whoever [No matter who] telephones, tell them I’m out. 不管是谁打电话,都说我出去了。
Whenever [No matter when] you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来,我们都欢迎。
We found the people friendly wherever [no matter where] we went. 无论我们走到哪里,我们都发现人们很友好。
However [No matter how] much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少,他都不发胖。
注:有时从句谓语可用情态动词:
无论他在哪里,我都要找到他。
正:I’ll find him, wherever he is.
正:I’ll find him, wherever he may be.
无论发生什么事都要保持冷静。
正:Keep calm, whatever happens.
正:Keep calm, whatever may happen另外,whoever 的宾格也是 whoever, 而不是 whomever, 后者在现代英语已基本不用,有的词典已不收录此词。如:
Whoever you marry, make sure he can cook. 不管你跟谁结婚,他一定要会做饭才行。
二、引导名词性从句
除引导状语从句外,whatever, whoever, whichever等还可引导名词性从句(主语从句或宾语从句)。如:
He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么,他就做什么。
I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就说什么。
Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 谁违反这些规则都将受到处罚。
I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 请想要这票,我就把它给谁。
Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪个队得分最多,哪个队就赢。
Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking. 我们当中无论哪个先到家,哪个就先开始做饭。
三、用于加强语气
有时用于加强语气,含有“究竟”、“到底”之义。如:
Whatever [What ever] do you mean? 你到底是什么意思?
Whenever [When ever] did you find time to do it? 你什么时候有空做这事?
Wherever [Where ever] can the children be? 孩子们究竟会在哪里呢?
Whoever [Who ever] told you that? 到底是谁告诉你的呢?
Whichever [Which ever] did you choose? 你到底选了哪个?
However [How ever] did you escape? 你到底是怎样逃出来的?
“ No matter+ 疑问词”与“疑问词+ ever ”用法透析
1. “ No matter +疑问词”意为“无论……”、“不论……”,用来引导让步状语从句。如: no matter who / whom (无论谁), no matter what (无论什么), no matter which (无论哪一个), no matter how (无论怎样)等。如:
You are always welcome no matter where you are.
无论在何地,您总是会受到欢迎的。
No matter what may happen, they've decided to leave this evening.
不管发生什么事,他们已决定今晚离开。
No matter who you may be, you have no right to do such a thing.
不论你是谁,你都无权做这样的事。
No matter when my motherland needs me, I will go without hesitation.
无论什么时候,只要祖国需要我,我都会毫不犹豫地出发。
No matter how hard it may be, I will carry it out.
无论此事有多难,我都会去做。
2. “疑问词+ ever ”相当于“ no matter + 疑问词”, ever 本是一个加强语气的词,加在疑问词后面作后缀,不仅使疑问词的语气加强,而且变为具有让步意义的一个复合词,可用于引导让步状语从句。例如:
Whoever ( No matter who ) breaks the law, he should be punished.
无论谁违反法律,都应该受到惩罚。
Whatever you do, you must do it well.
不管做什么事,你都要做好。
Whatever problem you have, turn to me.
不管你有什么问题,都可以找我帮忙。
She is willing to help you, however busy she is.
无论多忙,她都愿意帮助你。
Wherever he is, he will be thinking of you.
无论在哪儿,他都会想着你。
3. 虽然“ no matter +疑问词”和“疑问词+ ever ”都可以用来引导让步状语从句,但后者的用途更广,这类词( whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever 等)还可用来引导主语从句、宾语从句、时间或地点状语从句等。例如:
Whoever comes to the party will receive a gift.
(主语从句)来参加晚会的人都会收到一份礼物。
比较: Whoever comes to the party, he will receive a gift. (让步状语从句)= No matter who comes to the party, he will receive a gift.
无论谁来参加晚会,都会收到一份礼物。
You can take whichever book you like best. (宾语从句)你可以拿走你喜欢的任何一本书。
Whenever we see him, we speak to him. (时间状语从句)每当我们见到他时,我们都跟他说话。
一、注意从句的时态
由no matter what/who/where/when…引导的从句往往用一般现在时或一般过去时。如:No matter who you are, you must obey the rules. 无论你是谁,都应该遵守规则。
二、注意被修饰的名词、形容词以及副词的位置
no matter what/whose/which修饰名词时,该名词必须紧跟其后;no matter how修饰形容词或副词时,该形容词或副词也必须紧跟其后。如:No matter how hard he works, he find it difficult to make ends meet. 无论他多么努力工作,却总是入不敷出。
三、注意“no matter+疑问词”结构与“疑问词+ever”在用法上的区别
1. “no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句,这时可以和“疑问词+ever”互换。如:No matter where he may be (=Wherever he may be), he will be happy. 他无论在什么地方都快乐。
2. 而“疑问词+ever”还可以引导名词性从句。如:Give this book to whoever likes it. 谁喜欢这本书就给谁吧。(这里不能用no matter who。)
3. whoever既可引导名词性从句,又有在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等;whomever也可引导名词性从句,但只能在从句中作宾语。如:You may invite whomever you like.
4. whatever表示“无论什么”,没有一定的范围限制;whichever表示“无论哪一个、无论哪些”,其后可接一个名词。如:Eat whichever cake you like.
巩固练习:
1. team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.
A. No matter what B. No matter which
C. Whatever D. Whichever
2. we gave him something to eat, he would save it up for his little sister.
A. Whatever B. However C. Whenever D. Whichever
3. Doctor Godwin says that what forceful arguments against cigarettes there are, many people insist on smoking.
A. though B. however C. no matter D. even if
4. In peace, too, the Red Gross is expected to send help there is human suffering.
A. whoever B. however C. whatever D. wherever
5. , Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.
A. However late is he B. However he is late
C. However is he late D. However late he is
6. Could you do me a favor?
It depends on it is.
A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever
7. The old tower must be saved, the cost.
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. wherever
8. Sarah hopes to become a friend of shares her interests.
A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who
9. You can eat food free in my restaurant you like.
A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. however
10. much advice I gave him, he did exactly what he wanted to do.
A. How B. Whatever C. However D. What
参考答案:
1~5 DCCDD 6~10 CBCAC
however用法详解
一、考点描述
however是高考英语中一个十分重要的考点,近几年来每年的各省考题均有所涉及。请看两道典型高考真题:
1. You should try to get a good night’s sleep _____ much work you have to do.
A. however B. no matter C. although D. whatever
分析答案选A。however作连接副词时,与no matter how相当,后接形容词或副词,意为“无论……”“不管……”。句意是:不管你有多少工作要做,你都应该好好休息一个晚上。
2. He tried his best to solve the problem, _____ difficult it was.
A. however B. no matter C. whatever D. although
分析答案选A。因difficult是形容词,修饰形容词要用连接副词however(无论如何,不管多么),引导一个让步状语从句。
二、用法详解
不管however以何种形式出现在高考题中,它都不外乎以下两种用法。
1. 用作副词
(1) 表示让步:意为“无论如何”“不管怎样”,用来修饰形容词或副词,其词序为:however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语。这样用的however其实具有连词的功能,用以引导让步状语从句。如:
Phone me when you arrive, however late it is. 你到达之后就给我打电话,不论多么晚也要打。
however much he eats, he never gets fat. 不管他吃多少,他永远吃不胖。
however cold it is, he always goes swimming. 不管天有多冷,他都去游泳。
You won’t move the stone, however strong you are. 不管你力气有多大,也休想搬动那块石头。
however far it is, l intend to drive there tonight 不管有多远,我今晚也要开车到那儿去。
用于此用法时,请注意以下几点:
①此用法属however所有用法中最重要的考点,同学们务请引起高度重视。
②这样用的 however与 no matter how 大致同义。如:
People always want more, however [no matter how] rich they are. 人总是富了还想再富。
however [No matter how] hard I worked, she was never satisfied. 无论我多么努力地工作,她从来没满意过。
③有时从句谓语可用情态动词。如:
Don’t laugh, however funny it may be. 无论多么有趣也不要笑。
I’ll try to finish it in time, however hard it may be. 无论多么难,我也要按时完成。
④“however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语”有时可以有所省略。如:
I refuse, however favorable the conditions. 不管条件如何有利,我都不干。(conditions后省去了are)
I’d rather have a room of my own, however small (it is), than share a room. 无论房间多么小,我宁愿一个人住一间,而不愿意与别人合住一个房间。
A grammar rule, however true (it is), is useless unless it can be understood. 一条语法规则,不管如何正确,除非能懂,否则毫无用处。
(2) 表示转折:尤其用于谈及一个既成事实时,表示转折,其意为“可是”“仍然”等。可放在句首、句中或句末,通常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开。如:
My father, however, did not agree. 但是,我父亲不同意。
My room is small; however, it’s comfortable. 我的房间很小,但却很舒服。
He said that it was so; he was mistaken, however. 他说情况如此,可是他错了。
注:however不能像 but(但是)那样直接连接两个句子(注意正句中的标点符号)。如:
我们都已尽了最大的努力,不过我们还是输了。
误:We all tried our best, however we lost the game.
正:We all tried our best, but we lost the game.
正:We all tried our best; however, we lost the game.
正:We all tried our best. however, we lost the game.
(3) 表示惊奇或强调:相当于how ever的用法,其意为“究竟怎样,到底以什么方式”。如:
however did you get here without a car? 没有汽车你究竟是怎样来的呢?
however does he manage to write music when he is so deaf? 他聋成这个样子,究竟是怎样从事作曲的呢?
2. 用作连词
用作连词,引导方式状语从句,表示“无论以何种方式”“不管怎样”。如:
however it may be, I shall take your word. 无论如何,我将会相信你的话。
however I approached the problem, I couldn’t find a solution. 这一问题我不管怎样都无法解决。
however you travel, it’ll take you at least two days. 无论你怎么个走法,至少要两天时间。
The painting looks wrong however you look at it. 这张画不论怎么看都显得不对劲。
三、命题切入点
高考以however切入命题的可能性主要有两个方面:
1. 直接考查however的用法。如考查其句型结构(尤其是词序),考查它与其他相似词语whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever等在用法和意义上的区别。如:
(1) _____ rich one may be there is always something one wants.
A. whatever B. Whenever C. however D. Wherever
分析答案选C。however 用于修饰形容词rich,在意义上相当于no matter how。
(2) We should report any incident, _____.
A. however serious or minor it is B. how serious or minor is it
C. it is how serious or minor D. it is however serious or minor
分析答案选A。however 引导让步状语从句时的语序为“however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语”。
(3) _____ I say, he always disagrees.
A. however B. whatever C. Whichever D. Whoever
分析答案选B。whatever 在此用作动词say的宾语,在意义上相当于 no matter what。
(4) _____ she goes, there are crowds of people waiting to see her.
A. Wherever B. however C. Whichever D. Whoever
分析答案选A。根据句意可知,说话者强调的是地点,故用wherever。
2. 用however作为干扰项进行考查。如:
An awful accident _____, however occur the other day.
A. does B. did C. has to D. had to
分析此题正确答案应选B,句末的 the other day 意为“前几天”,所以句子应用过去时态,而选项D不合题意,故选B。此句有两个难点:一是句中插有 however 一词,分散了同学们的注意力;二是所填选项B为许多同学所不熟悉的强调用法。
whatever, whoever, whichever引导名词性从句
1. whatever引导的名词性从句
Whatever的意思是“所…的一切事或东西”,可视为what的强调说法,其含义大致相当于anything that,whatever在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语:
Whatever he did was right.
无论他做什么都是对的。
Give them whatever they desire.
他们想要什么就给他们什么。
I will just say whatever comes into my mind.
我想到什么就说什么。
Goats eat whatever (food) they can find.
山羊找到什么(食物)就吃什么(食物)。
I’m going to learn whatever my tutor wishes.
我将学习任何我的导师愿意我学的东西。
He does whatever she asks him to do.
她要他做什么,他就做什么。
Talk to me about whatever is troubling you.
给我谈谈任何使你烦恼的事。
One should stick to whatever one has begun.
开始了的事就要坚持下去。
She would tell him whatever news she got.
她得到的任何消息都会告诉他。
You can have whatever allowance you like.
你想要多少津贴就给你多少津贴。
2. whoever引导的名词性从句
whoever的意思“任何…的人”,在意义上大致相当于 anybody who。whoever在从句中可用作主语或宾语:
I’ll take whoever wants to go.
谁想去我就带谁去。
She can marry whoever she chooses.
她愿意嫁谁就嫁谁。
Whoever wants the book may have it.
任何人要这书都可拿去。
Whoever comes will be welcome.
谁来都欢迎。
Whoever you invite will be welcome.
任何你邀请的人都欢迎。
Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.
违反本法者应予以罚款。
I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it.
请想要这票,我就把它给谁。
注意
(1) whoever既用作主格也用作宾语(作宾语时不宜用whomever,因为在现代英语中whomever已几乎不用)。
(2) 注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子:
误:Who wins can get a prize. / Anyone wins can get a prize.
正:Whoever wins can get a prize. / Anyone who wins can a prize.
表结果的句型和连接词 -高考英语写作万能句型
高考英语作文常用句型
及句子变换
一.开头句型
1.As far as ...is concerned
2.It goes without saying that...
3.It can be said with certainty that...
4.As the proverb says,
5.It has to be noticed that...
6.It`s generally recognized that...
7.It`s likely that ...
8.It`s hardly that...
9.It’s hardly too much to say that...
10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是
11.There’s no denying the fact that...毫无疑问,无可否认
12.Nothing is more important than the fact that...
13.what’s far more important is that...
二.衔接句型
A case in point is ...
As is often the case...
As stated in the previous paragraph如前段所述
But the problem is not so simple. Therefore然而问题并非如此简单,所以……
But it’s a pity that...
For all that...In spite of the fact that...
Further, we hold opinion that...
However , the difficulty lies in...Similarly, we should pay attention to...
not(that)...but(that)...不是,而是In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势
As has been mentioned above... In this respect, we may as well (say)从这个角度上我们可以说 However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is...然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面,即三.结尾句型
I will conclude by saying...
Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...
All things considered,总而言之
It may be safely said that...
Therefore, in my opinion, it’s more advisable...
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that…. The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that…. It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论 From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好四.举例句型
Let’s take...to illustrate this.试举例以兹证明
let’s take the above chart as an example to
illustrate this.
Here is one more example.
2 高考英语作文常用句型
Take … for example.
The same is true of….
This offers a typical instance of….
We may quote a common example of….
Just think of….
五 常用于引言段的句型
1. Some people think that …. To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below.
2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now.
3. I believe the title statement is valid because….
4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that …. I believe….
5. My argument for this view goes as follows.
6. Along with the development of…, more and more….
7. There is a long-running debate as to whether….
8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….
9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.
10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.
六 表示比较和对比的常用句型
和表达法
1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B.
2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect.
3. A and B differ in….
4. A differs from B in….
5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in….
6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B….
7. A…, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B….
8. While it is generally believed that A …, I believe B….
9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.
10. Both A and B …. However, A…; on the other hand, B….
11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B….
七 演绎法常用的句型
1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.
2. There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.
3 高考英语作文常用句型
3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.
4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.
5. The reasons are as follows.
八 因果推理法常用句型
1. Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot.
2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot.
3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, we’ve learned a lot.
4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, we’ve learned a lot.
5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.
6. Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.
7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight.
8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight.
英语写作中的句式选择,结合平时练习和所学短语及语法运用,总结如下,与大家共同探讨:
一 改变时态
例: The bell is ringing now. 一般
There goes the bell. 特殊
二 改变语态
例: People suggest that the conference be put off.一般
It is suggested that the conference be put off.特殊
三 使用不定式
例: He is so kind that he can help me.一般
He is so kind as to help me. 特殊
四 使用过去分词
例: 1 She walked out of the lab and many students followed her.一般
Followed by many students, she walked out of the lab
特殊.
2 Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten.一般
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 特殊
4 高考英语作文常用句型
五 使用 v- ing
1 When he arrives,please give me an e-mail.一般 On arriving /his arrival ,please give me an e-mail.特殊
2 If the weather permits ,I will come tomorrow.一般
I will come tomorrow, weather permitting. .特殊
六 使用名词性从句
1 It disappointed everybody that
he didn’t turn up.一般
The fact that he did n’ t turn up
disappointed everybody.特殊
2 I happened to have met him.一般
It happened that I had met him. 特殊
3To his surprise, the little girl knows
so many things.一般
What surprises him is that the little girl
knows so many things. 特殊
七 使用定语从句
例; The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written.一般
The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of. 特殊
八 使用状语从句
1 I won‘t believe what he says.一般
No matter what he says, I won‘t believe.特殊
2 If you come back before six o'clock, you can go out.一般
You can go out on condition that you come back before six o'clock. .特殊
3 If she doesn’t agree, what shall we do? 一般 Supposing that she doesn’t agree, what shell we do ?特殊
九 使用虚拟语气
例: The ship didn't sink with all on board because there were the efforts of the captain.一般
But for the efforts of the captain ,the ship would have sunk with all on board.特殊
十 使用倒装句型
例:Though I'm weak I'll make the effort.一般
Weak as I am, I'll make the effort. .特殊
以下是 英文写作翻译频道为大家整理的《表结果的句型和连接词 -高考英语写作万能句型》,供大家参考。更多内容请看本站 写作翻译 频道。
结果,作文写作中表示结果的常用句型和连接词 :
as a result
As a result , instead of becoming better adapted we are actually becoming less well adapted to the world we are creating .
结果,我们不是变得更好地适应,实际上是变得不太适应我们正在创造的这个世界。
thus
Thus, our life will be happy.
这样,我们的生活会很幸福。
hence
Hence we arrive at the following conclusions.
因此得出下述的结论:
so
So it is important that you think before you say or do anything .
因此,在你说或做任何事情之前先想一下是很重要的。
therefore
It is pointless , therefore , to envy others .
因此,嫉妒别人是没有意义的。
accordingly
Accordingly they are completely incapable of saving themselves.
因此他们是完全无法拯救自己的。
consequently
Consequently , China will face higher inflation .
结果,中国必须面对更高的通胀。
as a consequence
As a consequence, he got the first place in this grade exam.
结果,他在本次考试中获得了年级第一名。
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